刘瑞良,宋天宇,边城鑫,杨前程,季琳琳,马瑞辰,刘良胜

• 1:哈尔滨工程大学材料科学与化学工程学院超轻材料与表面技术教育部重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

从液相等离子体电解渗入技术(PES)的发展历程、技术类型和特点、反应装置以及材料研究体系等方面介绍了等离子体渗入技术及其在不锈钢表面改性研究中的应用现状。在技术类型上,主要集中在阴极等离子体电解渗入方面,渗入元素主要为氮、碳等非金属元素;在设备装置上,设计装置的主要为实验型装置,结构不规范,工作效率低,且不利于大型构件的处理;在研究对象上,主要集中在性能较差、应用较广的碳钢上,在不锈钢、高性能合金及有色合金方面的研究较少;在研究内容上,主要集中在渗层的常规组织结构和力学性能研究,在渗层耐蚀性和功能性方面的研究相对较少。今后应开展阳极液相等离子体渗入技术研究,扩大渗入元素类型,重点开发高效率、工业化的装备,进一步扩大研究对象(如不锈钢、高性能合金、有色金属及其合金),开展渗层耐蚀性及功能性方面的评价。

关键词(KeyWords)： 不锈钢;液相等离子体电解渗入技术;装置;研究现状;发展趋势

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2019E029);; 国家自然科学基金(51871071);; 哈尔滨工业大学金属精密热加工国家级重点实验室基金(614290903061808)

作者(Author): 刘瑞良,宋天宇,边城鑫,杨前程,季琳琳,马瑞辰,刘良胜

DOI: 10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2020-0314

参考文献(References)：

• [1] Sluginov N P.On luminous phenomen,observed in liquids during electrolysis[J].Journal of Russian Physical Chemical Society,1880,12:193-203.
• [2] Mcneill W,Gruss L L.Anodic spark reaction processes and articles.U.S.Patent 3 293 158[P].1966.
• [3] Markov G A,Markova G V,USSR Patent 526 961,Bul.Inv.32[P].1976.
• [4] Xue W,Deng Z,Lai Y,et al.Analysis of phase distribution for ceramic coatings formed by microarc oxidation on aluminum alloy[J].Journal of American Ceramic Society,1998,81:1365-1368.
• [5] 姚忠平.钛合金微等离子体氧化陶瓷膜的结构与耐腐蚀机制研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2006.YAO Zhong-ping.Study on the structure and corrosion resistance mechanism of micro plasma oxidation ceramic coatings on titanium alloys[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2006.
• [6] Gupta P,Tenhundfeld G,Daigle E O.Electrolytic plasma technology:Science and engineering - an overview[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2007,201(21):8746-8760.
• [7] 黄洁雯,杨群,樊新民,等.液相等离子电解技术的研究进展与应用[C]//第十次全国热处理大会论文集.南京理工大学,2011:243-247.HUANG Jie-wen,YANG Qun,FAN Xin-min,et al.Research progress and application of liquid phase plasma electrolysis technology[C]//Proceedings of the 10th National Heat Treatment Conference.Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2011:243-247.
• [8] Zarchi M K,Shariat M H,Dehghan S A,et al.Characterization of nitrocarburized surface layer on AISI 1020 steel by electrolytic plasma processing in an urea electrolyte[J].Journal of Materials Research & Technology,2013,2(3):213-220.
• [9] 魏同波,田军.液相等离子体电沉积表面处理技术[J].材料科学与工程学报,2003,21(3):450-455.WEI Tong-bo,TIAN Jun.Surface treatment technology by liquid plasma electrodeposition[J].Journal of Materials Science & Engineering,2003,21(3):450-455
• [10] Lazarenko B R,Lazarenko N I.Electric Spark Treatment of Metals[M].Gosenergoizdat,Moscow,1950.
• [11] Duradzhy V N,Parsadanyan A S.Metal Heating in Electrolytic Plasma[M].Shtiintsa,Kishinev,1988.
• [12] Yerokhin A L,Nie X,Leyland A,et al.Plasma electrolysis for surface engineering[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,1999,122(2-3):73-93.
• [13] 关永军,夏原.等离子体电解沉积的研究现状[J].力学进展,2004,34(2):237-250GUAN Yong-jun,XIA yuan.Research status of plasma electrolytic deposition[J].Advances in Mechanics,2004,34(2):237-250
• [14] 韩伟,何业东.等离子体电解及其在表面技术中的应用[J].吉林化工学院学报,2005,22(3):10-13.HAN Wei,HE Ye-dong.Plasma electrolysis and its application in surface technology[J].Journal of Jilin Institute of chemical technology,2005,22(3):10-13
• [15] 李杰,沈德久,王玉林,等.液相等离子体电解渗透技术[J].金属热处理,2005,30(9):63-67.LI Jie,SHEN De-jiu,WANG Yu-lin,et al.Liquid phase plasma electrolytic infiltration technology[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2005,30(9):63-67
• [16] 张荣,马颖,郝远.等离子体电解沉积表面技术及其发展[J].材料导报,2008,22(z3):156-159.ZHANG Rong,MA Ying,HAO Yuan.Surface technology of plasma electrolytic deposition and its development[J].Materials Review,2008,22(Z3):156-159
• [17] 樊新民,杨奔峰,黄洁雯.等离子电解渗入工艺和渗层组织[J].热处理,2014,29(4):8-12.FAN Xin-min,YANG ben-feng,HUANG Jie-wen.Plasma electrolytic infiltration process and layer structure[J].Heat Treatment,2014,29(4):8-12
• [18] 周鹏,周宏伟,邹娇娟,等.等离子体电解渗技术提高钢铁表面性能的研究现状[J].热加工工艺,2015,44(6):15-19.ZHOU Peng,ZHOU Hong-wei,ZOU jiao-juan,et al.Research status of plasma electrolytic infiltration technology for improving steel surface properties[J].Hot Working Technology,2015,44(6):15-19.
• [19] Belkin P N,Yerokhin A,Kusmanov S A.Plasma electrolytic saturation of steels with nitrogen and carbon[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2016,307:1194-1218
• [20] Lin N,Xie R,Zhou P,et al.Review on improving wear and corrosion resistance of steels via plasma electrolytic saturation technology[J].Surface Review and Letters,2016,23(4):1630002.
• [21] 王亚明,邹永纯,王树棋,等.金属微弧氧化功能陶瓷涂层设计制备与使役性能研究进展[J].中国表面工程,2018,31(4):20-45.WANG Ya-ming,ZOU Yong-chun,WANG Shu-qi,et al.Research progress on design,preparation and service performance of metal micro arc oxidation functional ceramic coatings[J].China Surface Engineering,2018,31(4):20-45.
• [22] Rudnev V S,Lukiyanchuk I V,Vasilyeva M S,et al.Aluminum-and titanium-supported plasma electrolytic multicomponent coatings with magnetic,catalytic,biocide or biocompatible properties[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2016,307:1219-1235.
• [23] Gunduz K O,Oter Z C,Tarakci M,et al.Plasma electrolytic oxidation of binary Mg-Al and Mg-Zn alloys[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2017,323:72-81.
• [24] Nie X,Wang L,Yao Z C,et al.Sliding wear behaviour of electrolytic plasma nitrided cast iron and steel[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2005,200:1745-1750.
• [25] 钟芳兴,陈雄清,许武波,等.渗氮电压对液相等离子体电解渗氮层组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响[J].机械工程材料,2016,40(1):52-55.ZHANG Fang-xing,CHEN Xiong-qing,XU wu-bo,et al.Effect of nitriding voltage on microstructure and corrosion resistance of liquid phase plasma electrolytic nitriding layer[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,2016,40(1):52-55.
• [26] dos Santos R F,da Silva E R,Sales W F,et al.Influence of urea content blended with deionized water in the process of nitriding using electrical discharge machining on AISI 4140 steel[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2017,89:1251-1257
• [27] Tarakci M,Korkmaz K,Gencer Y,et al.Plasma electrolytic surface carburizing and hardening of pure iron[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2005,199(2/3):205-212.
• [28] Rezaei A,Shokuhfar A,Asadi M,et al.Carburizing of low carbon steel with plasma electrolysis in aqueous solution[J].Defect and Diffusion Forum,2006,258-260:26-31.
• [29] Yaghmazadeh M,Dehghanian C.Surface hardening of AISI H13 steel using pulsed plasma electrolytic carburizing (PPEC)[J].Plasma Processes & Polymers,2009,6(S10):168-172.
• [30] Aliofkhazraei M,Ahangarani S,Rouhaghdam A S.Effect of surface nanocrystallization and PPEC time on complex nanocrystalline hard layer fabricated by plasma electrolysis[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2010,20(3):425-431.
• [31] Skakov M,Batyrbekov E,Zhurerova L,et al.Microstructure and microhardness changes of 30CrMnSiA steel modified surface layers by electrolyte-plasma processing[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,423-426:824-827.
• [32] Wu J,Xue W,Wang B,et al.Characterization of carburized layer on T8 steel fabricated by cathodic plasma electrolysis[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014,245:9-15.
• [33] Nie X,Hao Q K,Wei J M.A novel modification technique for metal surface[J].Journal of Wuhan University Technology (Material Science Edition),1996,1:28-35.
• [34] Shen D J,Wang Y L,Nash P,et al.A novel method of surface modification for steel by plasma electrolysis carbonitriding[J].Materials Science & Engineering A,2007,458(1/2):240-243.
• [35] Fan X M,Huang J W,Yang Q,et al.Plasma electrolytic carbonitriding of 20CrMnTi steel[J].Advanced Materials Research,2011,154/155:1393-1396.
• [36] Tavakoli H,Khoie S M M,Marashi S P H,et al.Characterization of submicron-size layer produced by pulsed bipolar plasma electrolytic carbonitriding[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2014,583(1):382-389.
• [37] Kuzenkov S E,Saushkin B P.Borating of steel 45 in electrolyte plasma[J].Surface Engineering Application Electrochemistry,1996,6:10-15.
• [38] Jiang Y F,Bao Y F,Wang M.Kinetic analysis of additive on plasma electrolytic boriding[J].Coatings,2017,7:61.
• [39] Liu R,Wang B,Wu J,et al.Spectroscopic investigation of plasma electrolytic borocarburizing on Q235 low-carbon steel[J].Applied Surface Science,2014,321:348-352.
• [40] Wang B,Wu J,Jin X,et al.Fabrication and characterization of plasma electrolytic borocarburized layers on Q235 low-carbon steel at different discharge voltage[J].Surface Review and Letters,2016,24(6):1750088.
• [41] 金小越,吴杰,杨璇,等.槽电压对纯铁表面液相等离子体电解硼碳氮三元共渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响[J].材料工程,2017,45(4):58-64.JIN Xiao-yue,WU Jie,YANG Xuan,et al.Effect of cell voltage on friction and wear properties of liquid phase plasma electrolytic boron carbonitriding layer on pure iron[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2017,45(4):58-64
• [42] Wang B,Xue W B,Jin X Y,et al.Combined treatment plasma electrolytic carburizing and borocarburizing on Q235 low-carbon steel[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2019,221:232-238.
• [43] Aliofkhazraee M,Rouhaghdam A S,Shahrabi T.Pulsed nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carburising for corrosion protection of a γ-TiAl alloy Part 1.Effect of frequency and duty cycle[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2008,460:614-618.
• [44] Aliofkhazraei M,Morillo C,Miresmaeili R,et al.Carburizing of low-melting-point metals by pulsed nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carburizing[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2008,202(22-23):5493-5496.
• [45] Aliofkhazraei M,Rouhaghdam A S.Neural networks prediction of different frequencies effects on corrosion resistance obtained from pulsed nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carburizing[J].Materials Letters,2008,62:2192-2195.
• [46] 樊斌锋,李奇辉,董海荣.等离子体电解渗碳对AZ91D镁合金耐蚀性的影响[J].电镀与环保,2014,34(5):29-31.FAN Bin-feng,LI Qi-hui,DONG Hai-long.Effect of plasma electrolytic carburization on corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy[J].Electroplating & Pollution Control,2014,34(5):29-31
• [47] 邹荣,马颖,王占营.AZ91D镁合金表面液相电解渗碳的研究[J].特种铸造及有色合金,2015,35(7):761-763.ZOU Rong,MA Ying,WANG Zhan-ying.Study on liquid phase electrolytic carburization of AZ91D magnesium alloy[J].Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys,2015,35(7):761-763.
• [48] Li X M,Han Y.Porous nanocrystalline Ti(CxN1-x) thick films by plasma electrolytic carbonitriding[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2006,8(2):267-272.
• [49] 柳永康,谢发勤,胡宗纯,等.时间和电压对TC4合金表面等离子碳氮共渗层的影响[J].中国表面工程,2007,20(5):37-40.LIU Yong-kang,XIE Fa-qin,HU Zong-chun,et al.Effects of time and voltage on plasma carbonitriding layer on TC4 alloy surface[J].China Surface Engineering,2007,20(5):37-40.
• [50] Aliofkhazraei M,Rouhaghdam A S,Hassannejad H.Effect of electrolyte temperature on the nano-carbonitride layer fabricated by surface nanocrystallization and plasma treatment on a γ-TiAl alloy[J].Rare Metals,2009,28(5):454-459.
• [51] Wu J,Zhang Y F,Liu R,et al.Anti-corrosion layer prepared by plasma electrolytic carbonitriding on pure aluminum[J].Applied Surface Science,2015,347:673-678.
• [52] 闫鹏庆,卢文壮,刘森,等.TC4钛合金直流液相等离子体法强化层的生长[J].中国表面工程,2015,28(6):55-61.YAN peng-qing,LU Wen-zhuang,LIU Sen,et al.Growth of DC liquid plasma strengthening layer on TC4 titanium alloy[J].China Surface Engineering,2015,28(6):55-61.
• [53] 黄敏,黄洁雯,樊新民.电压对Ti6Al4V表面液相等离子碳氮共渗的影响[J].中国体视学与图像分析,2017,22(4):395-403.HUANG Min,HUANG Jie-wen,FAN Xin-min.Effect of voltage on liquid phase plasma carbonitriding on Ti6Al4V surface[J].Chinese Journal of Stereology and image analysis,2017,22(4):395-403.
• [54] 移康英,马颖,孙乐.镁合金液相电解渗硫层的制备及性能[J].材料科学与工程学报,2016,34(2):306-309.YI Kang-ying,MA Ying,SUN Le.Preparation and properties of liquid phase electrolytic sulphurization layer on magnesium alloy[J].Journal of Materials Science and Engineering,2016,34(2):306-309.
• [55] Roy A,Tewari R K,Sharma R C,et al.Feasibility study of aqueous electrolyte plasma nitriding[J].Surface Engineering,2007,23(4):243-246.
• [56] 郝建民,刘宝秋,陈宏.不锈钢的液相等离子体表面强化初探[J].热加工工艺,2007(12):58-59.HAO Jian-min,LIU Bao-qiu,CHEN Hong.Preliminary study on liquid phase plasma surface strengthening of stainless steel[J].Hot Working Technology,2007(12):58-59.
• [57] 薛文斌,金乾,朱庆振,等.不锈钢在甘油体系中等离子体电解渗碳层特性研究[J].航空材料学报,2010,30(4):38-42.XUE Wen-bin,JIN Qian,ZHU Qing-zhen,et al.Study on characteristics of plasma electrolytic carburized layer of stainless steel in glycerol system[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2010,30(4):38-42.
• [58] Aliofkhazraei M,Roohaghdam A S.A novel method for preparing aluminum diffusion coating by nanocrystalline plasma electrolysis[J].Electrochemistry Communications,2007,9(11):2686-2691.
• [59] Bayati M R,Molaei R,Janghorban K.Surface alloying of carbon steels from electrolytic plasma[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2011,53(1/2):91-94.
• [60] Belkin P N.Electrochemico-Thermal Treatment of Metals in Alloys[M].Moscow:Mir Publishers,2005,in Russian.
• [61] Kusmanov S A,Smirnov A A,Silkin S A,et al.Modification of low-alloy steel surface by plasma electrolytic nitriding[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2016,25(7):2576-2582.
• [62] Kusmanov S A,Smirnov A A,Silkin S A,et al.Plasma electrolytic nitriding of alpha- and beta-titanium alloy in ammonia-based electrolyte[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2016,307:1291-1296.
• [63] Kusmanov S A,Shadrin S Y,Belkin P N.Carbon transfer from aqueous electrolytes to steel by anode plasma electrolytic carburising[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014,258:727-733.
• [64] Komissarova M R,Dyakov I G,Gladii Y P.Effect of regimes of anode plasma electrolytic carburizing on tribological properties of titanium alloy VT 20[J].Materials Science Forum,2016,844:133-140.
• [65] Belkin P,Kusmanov S,Naumov A,et al.Anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburizing of low-carbon steel[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013,704:31-36.
• [66] Kusmanov S A,Kusmanova Y V,Naumov A R,et al.Features of anode plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising of low carbon steel[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2015,272:149-157.
• [67] Belkin P N,Borisov A M,Kusmanov S A.Plasma electrolytic saturation of titanium and its alloys with light elements[J].Journal of Surface Investigation.X-ray,Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques,2016,10(3):516-535.
• [68] Wu J,Wang K,Fan L,et al.Investigation of anodic plasma electrolytic carbonitriding on medium carbon steel[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2017,313:288-293.
• [69] 李奇辉,樊斌锋,王文科.镁合金液相等离子体电解渗硼技术的研究[J].电镀与精饰,2013,35(10):36-38.LI Qi-hui,FAN Bin-feng,WANG Wen-ke.Study on liquid phase plasma electrolytic boronizing technology of magnesium alloy[J].Electroplating & Finishing,2013,35(10):36-38.
• [70] Kusmanov S A,Tambovskiy I V,Sevostyanova V S,et al.Anode plasma electrolytic boriding of medium carbon steel[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2016,291:334-341.
• [71] Belkin P N,Kusmanov S A,Zhirov A V,et al.Anode plasma electrolytic saturation of titanium alloys with nitrogen and oxygen[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology,2016,32(10):1027-1032.
• [72] Kusmanov S A,Tambovskiy I V,Naumov A R,et al.Anode plasma electrolytic boronitrocarburising of low-carbon steel[J].Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry,2015,51(5):462-467.
• [73] Kong J H,Takeda T,Okumiya M,et al.The study about surface modification of steel by water plasma[C]//13th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering,September 10-14,2012,in Garmisch-Partenkirchen,Germany.
• [74] 李杰,沈德久,王玉林,等.液相等离子体电解碳氮共渗层形成条件的初步探索[J].中国表面工程,2005(4):31-33.LI Jie,SHEN De-jiu,WANG Yu-lin,et al.Preliminary study on formation conditions of liquid plasma electrolytic carbonitriding layer[J].China Surface Engineering,2005(4):31-33.
• [75] 张荣,马颖,郝远.45#钢液相等离子体电解渗透表面改性技术研究[J].新技术新工艺,2009(4):86-89.ZHANG Rong,MA Ying,HAO Yuan.Study on surface modification technology of 45 steel by plasma electrolytic infiltration[J].New Technology & New Process,2009(4):86-89.
• [76] Aliofkhazraei M,Mofidi S H H,Rouhaghdam A S,et al.Duplex surface treatment of pre-electroplating and pulsed nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic carbonitriding of mild steel[J].Journal of Thermal Spray Technology,2008,17(3):323-328.
• [77] Kumruoglu L C,Yerokhin A,Ozel A,et al.Effect of nitrogen gas addition onto the process of plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising of AISI 316L stainless steel[C]//1st ISTS International Surface Treatment Symposium,in Istanbul,Turkiye,2011:295-310.
• [78] 薛文斌,金乾,刘润,等.甘油浓度对不锈钢表面液相等离子体电解渗透过程的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(3):882-887.XUE Wen-bin,JIN Qian,LIU Run,et al.Effect of glycerol concentration on liquid-phase plasma electrolytic infiltration of stainless steel[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(3):882-887.
• [79] Skakov M,Kurbanbekov S,Scheffler M.Hardening technology and wear durability increase for steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti[C]//International Forum on Strategic Technology,IEEE,2012.
• [80] Kurbanbekov S,Маzhyn Skakov,Scheffler M,et al.Changes of mechanical properties of steel 12Cr18Ni10Тi after electrolytic-plasma cementation[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013,601:59-63.
• [81] Skakov M,Kurbanbekov S,Scheffler M.Influence of regimes electrolytic plasma cementation on the mechanical properties of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti[J].Key Engineering Materials,2013,531-532:173-177.
• [82] 郭强.碳源对不锈钢表面渗碳层组织和性能的影响研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2018.GUO Qiang.Effect of carbon source on microstructure and properties of carburized layer on stainless steel surface[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2018.
• [83] Yerokhin A L,Leyland A,Tsotsos C,et al.Duplex surface treatments combining plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising and plasma-immersion ion-assisted deposition[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2001,142-144:1129-1136.
• [84] Tsotsos C,Yerokhin A L,Wilson A D,et al.Tribological evaluation of AISI 304 stainless steel duplex treated by plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising and diamond-like carbon coating[J].Wear,2002,253(9/10):986-993.
• [85] 潘红梅,何翔.等离子体快速渗氮技术的实现[J].中南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2007(2):65-68.PAN Hong-mei,HE Xiang.Realization of plasma rapid nitriding[J].Journal of Central-South University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2007(2):65-68.
• [86] 潘红梅.金属渗层形态与硬度的相关性研究[J].科技创业月刊,2008(11):143-144.PAN Hong-mei.Study on the correlation between the morphology and hardness of metal infiltrated layer[J].Pioneering with Science & Technology Monthly,2008(11):143-144.
• [87] Nie X,Tsotsos C,Wilson A,et al.Characteristics of a plasma electrolytic carbonitriding treatment for stainless steels[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2001,139:135-142.
• [88] Alievkhazraee M,Rouhaghdam S A,Salasi M.Investigation of nanocrystalline pulsed plasma electrolytic carbonitriding as novel method for wear protection of 316L austenitic stainless steel[J].Tribology-Materials,Surfaces & Interfaces,2007,1(3):131-137.
• [89] Aliofkhazraei M,Taheri P,Sabour Rouhaghdam A,et al.Systematic study of nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising of 316L austenitic stainless steel for corrosion protection[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology,2007,23(5):665-671.
• [90] Mahzoon F,Bahrololoom M E,Javadpour S.Optimisation of novel bath for plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising of 316L stainless steel and study of tribological properties of treated steel surfaces[J].Surface Engineering,2009,25(8):628-633.
• [91] Kazerooni N A,Bahrololoom M E,Shariat M H,et al.Effect of ringer's solution on wear and friction of stainless steel 316L after plasma electrolytic nitrocarburising at low voltages[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology,2011,27(10):906-912.
• [92] Mahzoon F,Behgozin S A,Bahrololoom M E,et al.Study the fatigue-wear behavior of a plasma electrolytic nitrocarburized (PEN/C) 316L stainless steel[J].JMEPEG,2012,21:1751-1756.
• [93] Kumruoglu LC,Ozel A.Plasma electrolytic saturation of 316 L stainless steel in an aqueous electrolyte containing urea and ammonium nitrate[J].Materials Technology,2013,47(3):307-310.
• [94] Skakov M,Kurbanbekov S,Scheffler M.Influence of plasma carbonitriding and nitriding on phase composition and mechanical properties of a × 12 CrNi 18 10 Ti stainless steel surface[J].Materials Testing,2013,55(11-12):852-855.
• [95] Skakov М,Kurbanbekov S,Zhilkаshinova A.Research of electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding and nitriding:Influence on phase composition of the stainless steel[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,404:40-43.
• [96] Skakov М,Kurbanbekov S,Scheffler M,et al.Modification of stainless steels surface layers by nitriding and carbonitriding[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013,712-715(1):12-16.

文章评论(Comment)：