刘云超,郭昊,孙晓文,孙东云,冯晓勇,张山,张贵杰,杨志南,张福成

• 1:华北理工大学冶金与能源学院
• 2:华北理工大学河北钢铁实验室
• 3:燕赵钢铁实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

高性能贝氏体钢作为一种先进的钢铁材料，因其优异的强度、韧性、耐磨性及疲劳性能组合，在轨道交通、工程机械及国防安全等重大装备关键结构件领域展现出广阔的应用前景。目前高性能贝氏体钢的研究主要针对通过热处理工艺调控残留奥氏体和贝氏体铁素体两相的显微组织参数，达到提高性能的目的。但是，马氏体作为贝氏体钢中重要的组成部分，其存在形态、相变顺序及含量等均对高性能贝氏体钢相变与性能产生重要影响。因此，本文旨在通过综述高性能贝氏体钢中马氏体的热处理方案和分析手段，以及马氏体对贝氏体相变动力学、微观组织和力学性能的影响，为低成本高性能贝氏体钢的研发与应用提供理论支持。

关键词(KeyWords)： 高性能贝氏体钢;马氏体;相变行为;显微组织;综合性能

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 燕赵钢铁实验室区域创新能力提升项目(YZISL2024044);; 国家自然科学基金(52404402);; 河北省教育厅科学研究项目(BJK2024159);; 唐山市科技计划项目(23130207E)

作者(Author): 刘云超,郭昊,孙晓文,孙东云,冯晓勇,张山,张贵杰,杨志南,张福成

DOI: 10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2025-0372

参考文献(References)：

• [1] 王明明，龙海洋，肖亚茹，等.高强度贝氏体钢中的残留奥氏体(Ⅰ)[J].材料热处理学报，2019,40(10):1-12.WANG Ming-ming,LONG Hai-yang,XIAO Ya-ru,et al.Retained austenite in high-strength bainitic steels (Ⅰ)[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2019,40(10):1-12.
• [2] 孙晓文，林诗慧，王天生.高碳高硅纳米贝氏体钢回火后的组织与力学性能[J].材料热处理学报，2021,42(6):98-106.SUN Xiao-wen,LIN Shi-hui,WANG Tian-sheng.Microstructure and mechanical properties of tempered high-C-Si nano-bainite steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2021,42(6):98-106.
• [3] 尹朝朝，胡锋，郑花，等.纳米贝氏体钢残奥细化及其力学性能调控研究进展[J].材料热处理学报，2021,42(1):1-13.YIN Chao-chao,HU Feng,ZHENG Hua,et al.Research progress on retained austenite refinement and controlling of mechanical properties of nano-structured bainitic steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2021,42(1):1-13.
• [4] Sun D Y,Zhao H Q,You L L,et al.Effects of first-step controlling on ultra-fine bainitic steel produced by two-step austempering process[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2022,845:143212.
• [5] Liang,Z Q,Wang J J,Li H G,et al.Introducing nano-VC precipitates makes ultrafine bainitic steel a better combination of strength,ductility,and toughness[J].Materials Research Letters,2024,12(10):756-763.
• [6] Zhang F C,Yang Z N.Development of and perspective on high-performance nanostructured bainitic bearing steel[J].Engineering,2019,5(2):319-328.
• [7] Krauss G.Steels:Processing,Structure,and Performance[M].Materials Park,Ohio:ASM International,2015.
• [8] Jia D C,Zhang C S,Wang Q C,et al.Unleashing the potential of nano-bainite bearing steels:Controllable selection of microstructure evolution enables concurrent improvement of toughness and hardness by pre-cold deformation[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2024,906:146715.
• [9] Li J H,Chen P,Xu N,et al.Improving strength and ductility via ausforming combined with austempering through deformation-induced bainite refinement[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2024,30:5746-5756.
• [10] 张福成，杨志南.贝氏体钢中的残留奥氏体[M].秦皇岛：燕山大学出版社，2019.
• [11] Bhadeshia H K D H.Bainite in Steels[M].3rd ed.UK:Maney Publishing,2015.
• [12] Guo H,Feng X Y,Zhao A M,et al.Influence of prior martensite on bainite transformation,microstructures,and mechanical properties in ultra-fine bainitic steel[J].Materials,2019,12(3):527.
• [13] Behzad A,Sepideh K M,Sasan Y.Effect of pre-existing martensite within the microstructure of nano bainitic steel on its mechanical properties[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2021,260:124160.
• [14] Yang Y G,Liu X Y,Li R Z,et al.Impacts of near-Ms austempering treatment on microstructure evolution and bainitic transformation kinetics of a medium Mn steel[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2025,32(1):249-259.
• [15] Avila S D D,Bohemen V M S,Huizenga M R,et al.Shortening the heat treatment of third generation advanced high strength steels by forming carbide free bainite in the presence of martensite[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2025,931:148241.
• [16] Mateo G C,Sourmail T,Philippot A,et al.Effect of prior martensite on bainitic transformation of high Si hypereutectoid steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2024,30:6995-7005.
• [17] Zhou W,Hou T P,Tao L,et al.In situ observation on the effects of prior martensite formation on nanostructured low-temperature bainite transformation[J].Metals,2018,8(10):818.
• [18] Gong W,Tomota Y,Harjo S,et al.Effect of prior martensite on bainite transformation in nanobainite steel[J].Acta Materialia,2015,85:243-249.
• [19] Sun D Y,Zhao J,Zhang M H,et al.In-situ observation of phase transformation during heat treatment process of high-carbon bainitic bearing steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,19:3713-3723.
• [20] Chu C H,Qin Y M,Li X M,et al.Effect of two-step austempering process on transformation kinetics of nanostructured bainitic steel[J].Materials,2019,12(1):166.
• [21] Smanio V,Sourmail T.Effect of partial martensite transformation on bainite reaction kinetics in different 1% C steels[J].Solid State Phenomena,2011,172:821-826.
• [22] Hu H J,Xu G,Wang L,et al.The effects of Nb and Mo addition on transformation and properties in low carbon bainitic steels[J].Materials & Design,2015,84:95-99.
• [23] Królicka A,Jimenez A J,Caballero G F.Pre-martensite and bainite reactions:A thermal stability study[J].Materials & Design,2025,250:113621.
• [24] Toji Y,Matsuda H,Raabe D.Effect of Si on the acceleration of bainite transformation by pre-existing martensite[J].Acta Materialia,2016,116:250-262.
• [25] Ravi M A,Navarro-López A,Sietsma J,et al.Influence of martensite/austenite interfaces on bainite formation in low-alloy steels below Ms[J].Acta Materialia,2020,188:394-405.
• [26] Md S H,Sachin K,Debalay C,et al.Understanding the effect of prior bainite/martensite on the formation of carbide-free bainite[J].Philosophical Magazine,2020,100(7):797-821.
• [27] Qian L H,Li Z,Wang T L,et al.Roles of pre-formed martensite in below-Ms bainite formation,microstructure,strain partitioning and impact absorption energies of low-carbon bainitic steel[J].Journal of Materials Science and Technology,2022,96:69-84.
• [28] Królicka A,Jimenez A J,Caballero G F.Pre-martensite and bainite reactions:A thermal stability study[J].Materials & Design,2025,250:113621.
• [29] Wang K,Hu F,Zhou S B,et al.Effect of microstructure transformation below Ms temperature in bainitic steels on the impact-abrasive wear behavior[J].Wear,2023,514:204589.
• [30] 吴亚杰，吴开明.热处理工艺对高碳贝氏体钢组织与力学性能的影响[J].武汉科技大学学报，2019,42(5):321-327.WU Ya-jie,WU Kai-ming.Effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-carbon bainitic steel[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology,2019,42(5):321-327.
• [31] Nishikawa S A,Santofimia J M,Sietsma J,et al.Influence of bainite reaction on the kinetics of carbon redistribution during the quenching and partitioning process[J].Acta Materialia,2018,142:142-151.
• [32] Eres-Castellanos A,Caballero G F,Garcia-Mateo C.Stress or strain induced martensitic and bainitic transformations during ausforming processes[J].Acta Materialia,2020,189:60-72.
• [33] Pentti K,Sumit G,Mahesh S,et al.Nanostructured bainite transformation characteristics in medium-carbon steel subjected to ausforming and isothermal holding below martensite start temperature[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2023,23:466-490.
• [34] Zhao L J,Qian L H,Zhou Q,et al.The combining effects of ausforming and below-Ms or above-Ms austempering on the transformation kinetics,microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon bainitic steel[J].Materials & Design,2019,183:108123.
• [35] Guo H,Fan Y P,Feng X Y,et al.Ultrafine bainitic steel produced through ausforming-quenching process[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2020,9(3):3659-3663.
• [36] Mateo G C,Sourmail T,Philippot A,et al.Effect of prior martensite on bainitic transformation of high Si hypereutectoid steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2024,30:6995-7005.
• [37] Zhang S L,Zhou W,Hu F,et al.The role of Si in enhancing the stability of residual austenite and mechanical properties of a medium carbon bainitic steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2024,30:1939-1949.
• [38] Zhang T Y,Hu J,Wang C C,et al.Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an ultrahigh-strength TRIP-aided bainitic steel[J].Materials Characterization,2021,178:111247.
• [39] Królicka A,■ak A M,Caballero F G.Enhancing technological prospect of nanostructured bainitic steels by the control of thermal stability of austenite[J].Materials & Design,2021,211:110143.
• [40] 王玉钊，蒋中华，贾春妮，等.等温淬火对纳米贝氏体钢的组织和力学性能的影响[J].材料研究学报，2024,38(4):279-287.WANG Yu-zhao,JIANG Zhong-hua,JIA Chun-ni,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of an austempered nanostructured bainitic steel[J].Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2024,38(4):279-287.
• [41] Sun D B,Wang H,An X G,et al.Quantitative evaluation of the contribution of carbide-free bainite,lath martensite,and retained austenite on the mechanical properties of C-Mn-Si high-strength steels[J].Materials Characterization,2023,199:112802.
• [42] Huang X D,Huang Q Y,Jang Y H,et al.Retained austenite stability in cementite-free bainitic steels processed by different isothermal heat treatments:Insights from quasi-in situ strain partition analysis[J].Materials Characterization,2025,229:115474.
• [43] Morawiec M,Skowronek A,Koz??owska A,et al.Effect of prior martensite formation on the bainite transformation kinetics in high-strength 3% Mn multiphase steel[J].Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2023,148(4):1365-1371.
• [44] Wang Q C,Jia D C,Dong R Z,et al.New insights for preformed martensite of carbide-free bainitic steels austempered below Ms temperature:Inconsistent effects of microstructure,stability of retained austenite,and mechanical properties[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2025,34:1990-1999.
• [45] Wang K,Hu F,Zhou W,et al.Effect of refined multi-scale microstructures on the ultra-high impact toughness of bainitic steel austempered below Ms temperature[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2023,26:5773-5785.
• [46] Tian J Y,Xu G,Huang H,et al.Effects of below-Ms austempering temperature on bainite transformation and properties of amedium-carbon bainitic steel[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2019,31(5):468-474.
• [47] Zhao L J,Qian L H,Meng J Y,et al.Below-Ms austempering to obtainrefined bainitic structure and enhanced mechanical properties in low-C high-Si/Al steels[J].Scripta Materialia,2016,112:96-100.
• [48] Huang C C,Zou M Q,Qi L,et al.Effect of isothermal and pre-transformation temperatures on microstructure and properties of ultrafine bainitic steels[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2021,12:1080-1090.
• [49] He H,Huang S H,Wang H,et al.Isothermal holding processes of a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel to form a bainitic/martensitic multiphase microstructure and its mechanical properties[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2021,822:141645.
• [50] Zhang Y,Liu W,Long X Y,et al.Combining in-situ technology to study the influence of bainite morphology on the strength and toughness properties of medium-carbon bainitic steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2025,36:34-44.
• [51] Li K F,Qian L H,Wei C Z,et al.Study on the relationship between the microstructure characteristics,tensile properties and impact toughness of carbide-free bainitic steel[J].Materials Characterization,2024,212:113991.
• [52] Wang K,Hu F,Zhou S B,et al.Ultrahigh impact toughness achieved in high strength bainitic ferrite/retained austenite lamellar steels below-Mf temperature[J].Materials Letters,2022,324:132517.
• [53] Chen S D,Li Z L,Shan Q.Achieving precipitation strengthening and retained austenite thinning via strain induced precipitation to improve fatigue wear resistance of bainitic steel[J].Materials & Design,2025,249:113560.
• [54] Shen M M,Zhu Z L,Li S B,et al.Deep learning assisted prediction of retained austenite in the carburized layer for evaluating the wear resistance of mild steel[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,21:353-362.
• [55] Mi B,Yang Z G,Chen H,et al.Quasi in-situ observations of microstructure evolution during low cycle fatigue in carbide-free bainitic steel[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2023,168:107464.
• [56] Fan Y S,Gui X L,Liu M,et al.Effect of microstructure on wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviors of bainitic/martensitic rail steels[J].Wear,2022,508:204474.
• [57] Zhang Y,Long X Y,Zhang Z,et al.Effect of phase transformation sequence on the low cycle fatigue properties of bainitic/martensitic multiphase steels[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2024,178:107995.
• [58] Hui W J,Wang Z H,Xu Z B,et al.Hydrogen embrittlement of a microalloyed bainitic forging steel[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2019,26:1011-1021.
• [59] Zhang P,Majid L,Hughes Anthony E,et al.Effect of microstructure on hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen-induced cracking behaviour of a high-strength pipeline steel weldment[J].Corrosion Science,2024,227:111764.
• [60] Zhang T M,Zhao W M,Deng Q S,et al.Effect of microstructure inhomogeneity on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X80 welding HAZ under pressurized gaseous hydrogen[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(39):25102-25113.
• [61] Gao Z W,Gong B M,Xu Q J,et al.High cycle fatigue behaviors of API X65 pipeline steel welded joints in air and H2S solution environment[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2021,46(17):10423-10437.

文章评论(Comment)：