王要利,宋克兴,张彦敏

• 1:河南科技大学材料科学与工程学院
• 2:河南省有色金属共性技术协同创新中心
• 3:河南省先进有色金属材料加工技术重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

热作模具工作过程中在承受上、下限温度循环的同时受到循环的机械应力,致使模具表层金属产生塑性变形,进而导致热裂纹萌生、扩展,形成热疲劳,热疲劳失效作为热作模具最主要的失效形式之一受到广泛关注。为此,本文叙述了热作模具钢热疲劳裂纹的测试方法、研究进展、失效机理及其评定标准,总结了热作模具钢热疲劳寿命的预测模型,展望了热作模具钢热疲劳行为的研究方向,预期对准确预测热作模具钢热疲劳寿命起推动作用。

关键词(KeyWords)： 热作模具钢;热疲劳;失效机理;寿命预测

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家重点研发计划(2016YBF0300404);; 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(18A430015);; 河南省科技攻关计划(国际科技合作)项目(162102410025)

作者(Author): 王要利,宋克兴,张彦敏

DOI: 10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2017-0485

参考文献(References)：

• [1]崔锟.国内外模具用钢发展概况[J].金属热处理,2007,32(1):1-11.CUI Kun.Development of die and mould steels at home and abroad[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2007,32(1):1-11.
• [2]李勇,左秀荣,陈蕴博,等.国内外热作模具钢的研究进展[J].特殊钢,2010,31(3):20-23.LI Yong,ZUO Xiu-rong,CHEN Yun-bo,et al.Progress of research in hot working die stee I at home and abroad[J].Special Steel,2010,31(3):20-23.
• [3]夏鹏成,陈蕴博,葛学元,等.热作模具钢热疲劳性能的研究现状与发展趋势[J].金属热处理,2008,33(12):1-6.XIA Peng-cheng,CHEN Yun-bo,GE Xue-yuan,et al.Research status and development trends of thermal fatigue property of hot die steels[J].Heat Treatment of Matals,2008,33(12):1-6.
• [4]Salcedo D,Luis C J,Luri R,et al.Design and optimization of the dies for the isothermal forging of a cam[J].Procedia Engineering,2015,132:1069-1076.
• [5]Lin Y C,Chen X M.A critical review of experimental results and constitutive descriptions for metals and alloys in hot working[J].Materials&Design,2011,32:1733-1759.
• [6]Yeh Shu-Hung,Chiu Liu-Ho,Pan Yeong-Tsuen,et al.Relative dimensional change evaluation of vacuum heat-treated JIS SKD61hot-work tool steels[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2014,26(3):2075-2082.
• [7]Karbasian H,Tekkaya A E.A review on hot stamping[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2010,210:2103-2188.
• [8]Gong P,Palmiere E J,Rainforth W M.Dissolution and precipitation behaviour in steels microalloyed with niobium during thermomechanical processing[J].Acta Materialia,2015,97:392-403.
• [9]Chen C R,Wang Y,Ou H G,et al.Energy-based approach to thermal fatigue life of tool steels for die casting dies[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2016,92:166-178.
• [10]石楠楠,吴晓春,闵娜.4Cr2Mo2W2V钢中碳化物的演变对热稳定性的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2011,32(11):68-73.SHI Nan-nan,WU Xiao-chun,MIN Na.Effect of carbide evolution on thermal-stability of 4Cr2Mo2W2V hot work steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2011,32(11):68-73.
• [11]宋雯雯,闵永安,吴晓春.H13钢中的碳化物分析及其演变规律研究[J].材料热处理学报,2009,30(5):122-127.SONG Wen-wen,MIN Yong-an,WU Xiao-chun.Study on carbides and their evolution in H13 hot work steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2009,30(5):122-127.
• [12]Lieurad H P,Dias A,Giusti J.Experimental simulation and theoretical modeling of crack initiation and propagation due to thermal cycling[J].High Temperature Technology,1991,8(2):137-145.
• [13]吴玉道,王洁民.铝压铸模具失效分析[J].机械工程材料,1989,75(6):49-51.WU Yu-dao,WANG Jie-min.Failure analysis of aluminum die casting dies[J].Materials for Mechanical Engineering,1989,75(6):49-51.
• [14]Silva A,Leyson G,Kuzmina M,et al.Confined chemical and structural states at dislocations in Fe-9wt%Mn steels:A correlative TEM-atom probe study combined with multiscale modelling[J].Acta Materialia,2017,124:305-315.
• [15]Zbigniew Gronostajski,Marcin Kaszuba,Slawomir Polak,et al.The failure mechanisms of hot forging dies[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,657:147-160.
• [16]Manson S S.Fatigue:a complex subject-Some simple approximations[J].Journal of Experiment Mechanics,1965,5(7):193-226.
• [17]Muralidharan U,Manson S S.A modified universal slopes equation for estimation of fatigue characteristics of metals[J].Journal of Engineering Materials&Technology,1988,110(1):55-88.
• [18]朱春燕,石楠楠,左鹏鹏,等.Mn和W元素对4Cr2Mo2W2V模具钢热稳定性的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2014,35(增刊2):66-70.ZHU Chun-yan,SHI Nan-nan,ZUO Peng-peng,et al.Effect of Mn and W on thermal stability of 4Cr2Mo2W2V die steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2014,35(S2):66-70.
• [19]杨浩鹏,吴晓春,秦芳,等.SDC99钢盐浴TD法制备VC覆层形成机理的研究[J].金属学报,2013,49(2):146-152.YANG Hao-peng,WU Xiao-chun,QIN Fang,et al.Study on growth mechanism of salt bath vanadizing coating by TD progress on SDC99 steel[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2013,49(2):146-152.
• [20]Deepak Kundalkar,Mukund Mavalankar,Asim Tewari.Effect of gas nitriding on the thermal fatigue behavior of martensitic chromium hot-work tool steel[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,651:391-398.
• [21]Wu R M,Li J W,Li W,et al.Effect of metastable austenite on fracture resistance of quenched and partitioned(Q&P)sheet steels[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,657:57-63.
• [22]Goro Miyamoto,Yosuke Karube,Tadashi Furuhara.Formation of grain boundary ferrite in eutectoid and hypereutectoid pearlitic steels[J].Acta Materialia,2016,103:370-381.
• [23]朱利娟,闵娜,计天予,等.低温处理对3Cr2Mo Co WV热锻模具钢性能及组织的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2012,33(5):64-69.ZHU Li-juan,MIN Na,JI Tian-yu,et al.Effects of low temperature treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of3Cr2Mo Co WV hot working die steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2012,33(5):64-69.
• [24]吴晓春,朱利娟,闵娜,等.低温处理对3Cr2Mo Co WV热作模具钢中碳化物的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2012,36(10):70-73.WU Xiao-chun,ZHU Li-juan,MIN Na,et al.Influence of low temperature treatment on carbide in 3Cr2Mo Co WV hot work die steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2012,36(10):70-73.
• [25]Lindsley B A,Marder A R.The morphology and coarsening kinetics of spheroidized fcc binary alloys[J].Acta Materialia,1998,46(7):341-351.
• [26]Srivastava A,Joshi V,Shivpuri R.Computer modeling and prediction of thermal fatigue cracking in die-casting tooling[J].Wear,2004,256:38-43.
• [27]Zauter R,Petry F,Christ H J,et al.Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of Materials[M].ASTM STP,1993,1186:70-208.
• [28]Meng C,Zhou H,Zhang H F,et al.The comparative study of thermal fatigue behavior of H13 die steel with biomimetic non-smooth surface processed by laser surface melting and laser cladding[J].Materials&Design,2013,51:886-893.
• [29]Tsujii N,Abe G,Fukura K,et al.Effect of testing atmosphere on low cycle fatigue of hot work tool steel at elevated temperature[J].ISIJ International,1995,35(7):920-926.
• [30]Tsujii N,Abe G,Fukura K,et al.High temperature low cycle fatigue behavior of a 4.2Cr-2.5Mo-V-Nb hot work tool steel[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1996,15:1251-1254.
• [31]Korach M.Low-cycle fatigue and thermal fatigue behaviour of hot work tool steels[C]//Proceedings of A Symposium Held in Sunne,Sweden,Uddeholm Swedish Instisute for Metals Research,1983,241-267.
• [32]Min Y A,Bergstr9m Jens,Wu X C,et al.Oxidation and Thermal fatigue behaviors of two type hot work steels during thermal cycling[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2013,20(11):90-97.
• [33]Toji Yuki,Miyamoto Goro,Raabe Dierk.Carbon partitioning during quenching and partitioning heat treatment accompanied by carbide precipitation[J].Acta Materialia,2015,86:137-147.
• [34]Won Jong Nam,Chul MIN Bae.Coarsening behavior of cementite particles at a subcritical temperature in a medium carbon steel[J].Scripta Materialia,1999,41(3):313-318.
• [35]Anders Bjarbo,Mats Hattestrand.Complex carbide growth,dissolution,and coarsening in a modified 12 pct chromium steel-an experimental and theoretical study[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32(1):19-27.
• [36]Hu X B,Li L,Wu X C,et al.Coarsening behavior of M23C6carbides after ageing or thermal fatigue in AISI H13 steel with niobium[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2006,28:175-182.
• [37]谢尘,吴晓春,闵娜,等.3DAP研究高碳高合金钢深冷处理过程的C偏聚行为[J].金属学报,2015,51(3):325-332.XIE Chen,WU Xiao-chun,MIN Na,et al.Carbon segregation behavior of high carbon high-alloy steel during deep cryogenic treatment using 3DAP[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2015,51(3):325-332.
• [38]陈英伟,吴晓春.H13、3Cr2W8V和1.2367热疲劳性能的对比研究[J].钢铁研究学报,2010,22(7):42-47.CHEN Ying-wei,WU Xiao-chun.Thermal-fatigue behavior of h13,3cr2w8v and 1.2367 steel[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research,2010,22(7):42-47.
• [39]陈英伟,吴晓春,宋雯雯,等.含铌热作模具钢中碳化物的演变对热稳定性的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2010,31(5):75-80.CHEN Ying-wei,WU Xiao-chun,SONG Wen-wen,et al.Effect of carbide evolution on thermal-stability in Nb-micro alloyed hot work steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2010,31(5):75-80.
• [40]Cabrol E,Bellot C,Lamesle P,et al.Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of molybdenum and vanadiumcontaining carbide hardened iron-based alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2013,556:203-209.
• [41]Delagnes D,Lamesle P,Mathon M H,et al.Influence of silicon content on the precipitation of secondary carbides and fatigue properties of a 5%Cr tempered martensitic steel[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2005,394:435-444.
• [42]Dorien De Knijf,Maria Santofimia,HUI Shi,et al.In situ austenite-martensite interface mobility study during annealing[J].Acta Materialia,2015,90:161-168.
• [43]Miyamoto G,Iwata N,Takayama N,et al.Quantitative analysis of variant selection in ausformed lath martensite[J].Acta Materialia,2012,60:1139-1148.
• [44]Zhou Q C,Wu X C,Shi N N,et al.Microstructure evolution and kinetic analysis of DM hot-work die steels during tempering[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2011,528:5696-5700.
• [45]黎军顽,闵娜,汤磊磊,等.SDC99冷作模具钢深冷处理试验及数值分析[J].材料热处理学报,2013,34(2):173-179.LI Jun-wan,MIN Na,TANG Lei-lei,et al.Experimental study and numerical simulation of cryogenic treatment of cold-work die steel SDC99[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2013,34(2):173-179.
• [46]计天予,吴晓春.新型热作模具钢SDH3-Mod的热稳机理研究[J].材料科学与工艺,2014,22(6):29-35.JI Tian-yu,WU Xiao-chun.Thermal stability mechanism of a new hot working die steel SDH3-Mod[J].Materials Science&Technology,2014,22(6):29-35.
• [47]李健,束德林,郭新成.钨系热作模具钢热疲劳特性的研究[J].安徽工学院学报,1988,7(2):21-31.LI Jian,SHU De-lin,GUO Xin-cheng.Study on the thermal fatigue behavior of Tungsten hot working die steel[J].Journal of Anhui Institute and Technology,1988,7(2):21-31.
• [48]Fournier B,Sauzay M,Caes C,et al.Creep-fatigue-oxidation interactions in a 9Cr-1Mo martensitic steel.Part I:Effect of tensile holding period on fatigue lifetime[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2008,30:649-662
• [49]Fournier B,Sauzay M,Caes C,et al.Creep-fatigue-oxidation interactions in a 9Cr-1Mo martensitic steel.Part II:Effect of compressive holding period on fatigue life time[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2008,30:663-676
• [50]Fournier B,Sauzay M,Caes C,et al.Creep-fatigue-oxidation interactions in a 9Cr-1Mo martensitic steel.Part III:Lifetime prediction[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2008,30:1797-1812.
• [51]Mohamed Kchaou,Riadh Elleuch,Yannick Desplanques,et al.Failure mechanisms of H13 die on relation to the forging process-A case study of brass gas valves[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2010,17:403-415.
• [52]Caliskanoglu D,Siller I,Ebner R,et al.Thermal fatigue and softening behavior of hot work tool steels[J].European Structural Integrity Society,2002,2:185-193.
• [53]Kanazawa K,Yamaguchi K,Kobayashi K.High temperature low cycle fatigue behavior of a type 403 martensitic stainless steel[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,Japan,1979,28:393-411.
• [54]Wilson D V,Tromans J K.Effects of strain aging on fatigue damage in low-carbon steel[J].Acta Metallurgica,1970,18(11):1197-1208.
• [55]Kocanda S著,颜鸣皋,刘才穆译.金属的疲劳与断裂[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1983:49-323.
• [56]刘剑虹,冯晓曾,张德福.利用扫描电镜动态研究3Cr2W8V钢热疲劳裂纹的萌生[J].安徽工学院学报,1988,7(2):45-50.LIU Jian-hong,FENG Xiao-zeng,ZHANG De-fu.A study of the nucleation of dynamic thermal fatigue crack on the 3Cr2W8V steel in SEM[J].Journal of Anhui Institute and Technology,1988,7(2):45-50.
• [57]计天予,吴晓春.H13改进型热作模具钢的组织与性能[J].钢铁研究学报,2013,25(5):31-38.JI Tian-yu,WU Xiao-chun.Microstructure and mechanical properties of modified H13 hot working die steel[J].Journal of Iron and Steel,2013,25(5):31-38.
• [58]周青春,吴晓春,汪宏斌.高硅马氏体型热作模具钢回火转变的内耗研究[J].北京科技大学学报,2010,32(11):1434-1439.ZHOU Qing-chun,WU Xiao-chun,WANG Hong-bin.Internal friction study on high silicon martensitic hot working die steel during Tempering transformation[J].Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2010,32(11):1434-1439.
• [59]Liu Z K,H9glund L,J9nsson B,et al.An experimental and theoretical study of cementite dissolution in an Fe-Cr-C alloy[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1991,22:1745-1752.
• [60]何燕霖,李麟,叶平,等.Thermo-Calc和DICTRA软件系统在高性能钢研制中的应用[J].材料热处理学报,2003,24(4):73-78.HE Yan-lin,LI Lin,YE Ping,et al.Application of thermo-calc and DICTRA software package to study high-property steel[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2003,24(4):73-78.
• [61]哈宽富.断裂物理基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:315
• [62]Zbigniew Gronostajski,Marcin Kaszuba,Sawomir Polak,et al.The failure mechanisms of hot forging dies[J].Materials Science&Engineering A,2016,657:147-160.
• [63]Klobcara D,Kosec L,Kosec B,et al.Thermo fatigue cracking of die casting dies[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2012,20:43-53.
• [64]李熙章,施占华,周风云,等.几种模具钢的热疲劳性能对比研究[J].安徽工学院学报,1988:7(2):10-20.LI Xi-zhang,SHI Zhan-hua,ZHOU Feng-yun,et al.The comparison of thermal fatigue property on some die steels[J].Journal of Anhui institute and Technology,1988:7(2):10-20.
• [65]胡心彬,李麟,吴晓春.4Cr5Mo Si V1热作模具钢热疲劳中碳化物粗化动力学分析[J].材料热处理学报,2005,26(1):57-62.HU Xin-bin,LI Lin,WU Xiao-chun.Coarsening kinetics of carbides in 4Cr5Mo Si V1 hot work tool steel during thermal fatigue[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2005,26(1):57-62.
• [66]胡心彬.铌微合金化H13钢的热疲劳行为[D].上海:上海大学,2005.HU Xin-bin.Thermal fatigue behavior of H13 steel with Niobium microalloyed[D].Shanghai:Shanghai University,2005.
• [67]Fissolo A,Amiable S,Ancelet O,et al.Crack initiation under thermal fatigue:An overview of CEA experience.Part I:Thermal fatigue appears to be more damaging than uniaxial isothermal fatigue[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2009,31:587-600.
• [68]Fissolo A,Gourdin C,Ancelet O,et al.Crack initiation under thermal fatigue:An overview of CEA experience.Part II:Application of various criteria to biaxial thermal fatigue tests and a first proposal to improve the estimation of the thermal fatigue damage[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2009,31:1196-1210.
• [69]Faccoli M,La Vecchia G M,Roberti R,et al,Thermal fatigue behaviour and fracture toughness of vacuum treated steel[C]//11th Congress of the International Federation for Heat Treatment and the 4thASM Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering Conference in Europe,Florence,Italy,1998,Oct,19-21,437-448
• [70]吴晓春,许珞萍.模具钢热疲劳裂纹的计算机辅助评定[J].上海金属,2001,23(6):1-5.WU Xiao-chun,XU Luo-ping.Computer-aided evaluation for hot fatigue crack of model steel[J].Shanghai Matels,2001,23(6):1-5.
• [71]吴晓春,许珞萍.Uddeholm热疲劳图谱的分析与定量评定[J].理化检验-物理分册,2002,38(1)14-18.WU Xiao-chun,XU Luo-ping.Quantitative analysis and evaluation of the Uddeholm heat-checking scale[J].PTCA(part A:Physical testing),2002,38(1)14-18.
• [72]Jie Shen,Diego Vela,Ankita Singh,et al.GPU/CPU parallel computation of material damage[J].Engineering with Computers,2015,31:647-660.
• [73]Shtansky D V,Inden G.Phase transformation in Fe-Mo-C and Fe-W-C steels-Ⅱ:Eutectoid reaction of M23C6carbide decomposition during austentization[J].Acta Materialia,1997,45(7):2879-2895.
• [74]Thomson R C,Miller M K.Carbide precipitation in martensite during the early stages of tempering Cr-and Mo-containing low alloy steels[J].Acta Materialia,1998,46(6):2203-2213.
• [75]郭乙木,陈朝东,张仪萍.室温Manson-Coffin公式的一种修正[J].浙江大学学报,1998,32(6):671-676.GUO Yi-mu,CHEN Chao-dong,ZHANG Yi-ping.Modification of manson-coffin formula at room temperature[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,1998,32(6):671-676.
• [76]Meng C,Zhou H,Cong D L,et al.Effect of biomimetic non-smooth unit morphology on thermal fatigue behavior of H13 hot-work tool steel[J].Optics&Laser Technology,2012,44:850-859.
• [77]Taira S,Motoaki F,Takashi H.A method for life prediction of thermal fatigue by isothermal fatigue testing[C]//Proceedings,Symposium on mechanical behavior of materials.The Society of Materials Science,Kyoto,Japan,1994:257-264
• [78]施惠基,牛莉莎,王中光.高温合金材料循环相关热机械疲劳寿命预测[J].固体力学学报,1998,19(1):89-92.SHI Hui-ji,NIU Li-sha,WANG Zhong-guang.Lifetime prediction of cyclic dependent thermomechanical fatigue on high temperature alloys[J].ACTA Mechanica Solida Sinica,1998,19(1):89-92.
• [79]Baumel J A,Seeger T.Metals Data for Cyclic Loading,Supplement I[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier Science Publishers.1990.
• [80]Meggiolaro M A,Castro J T P.Statistical evaluation of strain-life fatigue crack initiation predictions[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2004,26:463-476.
• [81]Robert Basana,Domagoj Rube2ab,Marina Franulovia,et al.A novel approach to the estimation of strain life fatigue parameters[J].Procedia Engineering,2010,2:417-426.
• [82]Robert Basan,Marina Franulovic,Ivan Prebil,et al.Analysis of strain-life fatigue parameters and behaviour of different groups of metallic materials[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2011,33:484-491.
• [83]Min Y A,Wu X C,Xu L P,et al.Influence of different surface treatments of H13 hot work die steel on its thermal fatigue behaviors[J].Journal of Shanghai University,2001,5(4):326-33.
• [84]Li G B,Ling C,Li X Z.Study on thermal fatigue life of 4Cr5Mo Si V1 and 3Cr2W8V steels[J].Iron and Steel,1997,32(4):51-55.
• [85]Li G B,Li X Z,Wu J J.Study of the thermal fatigue crack initial life of H13 and H21 steels[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1998,74:23-26.
• [86]Meidert M,Walter C.Prediction of fatigue life of cold forging tools by simulation and comparison of applicability of different damage Models[C]//Proceedings of the 6thInternational Tooling Conference.Karlstad University,Sweden,2002,687-697.
• [87]Meurling F,Melander A,Tidesten M,et al.Influence of carbide and inclusion contents on the fatigue properties of high speed steels and tool steels[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2001,23:215-224.
• [88]Meurling F.Influence of carbide distribution,inclusion contents and surface machining processes on the fatigue properties of powder metallurgically produced high-speed steels and tool steels for cold work applications[R].Swedish Institute for Metals Research,Report IM-1999-017.
• [89]Meurling F,Fatsimr.Fatigue limit prediction software for high speed steel and cold work steel specimens[R].Swedish Institute for Metals Research,Report IM-1999-547.
• [90]Melander A,Haglund S.A new model for fatigue failure due to carbide clusters[C]//J.Bergstrom.Proceedings of the 6th International Tooling Conference.Karlstad University.Sweden,2002:699-710.

文章评论(Comment)：